Essential Economics of the Electronic Marketplace

This course outline consists of 6 sections and 30 sessions to be used for a 15-week long session course, including:

I. Overview: The Electronic Marketplace II. Technologies and Commodities III. Marketing and Search IV. Product Choice and Pricing V. Price Discovery and Payments VI. Policy Issues and Outlook


I. Overview: The Electronic Marketplace




1. Market Infrastructure

Topics:

Enabling technologies: computers, software, telecommunications networks, contents
Infrastructure convergence

Readings:

EEC 1.1: Development in Inter-networking
EEC 1.2: What Is Electronic Commerce
FEC chapter 3: The Internet As a Network Infrastructure
Anderson, 1995, "The accidental superhighway," The Economist, July 1, 1995.
Bhimani, 1996, "Securing the commercial Internet," Communications of the ACM, June 1996.


2. Market Agents

Topics:

Sellers, virtual firms, intermediaries

Readings:

EEC 1.3: Market Characteristics of Electronic Commerce
REC chapter 7: Perils and pitfalls of practical Internet commerce: The lessons of First
Virtual's first year.


3. Digital Products

Topics:

Information goods, characteristics
Services: realtime services, remote education, online auctions and market clearing

Readings:

EEC chapter 2: Characteristics of Digital Products and Processes


4. Digital Processes

Topics:

Process innovations: intra- and inter-business, consumer-oriented, products
Firm organization, consumer learning, marketing, market settlement process

Readings:

FEC chapter 7: Consumer-Oriented Electronic Commerce
FEC chapter 11: Intraorganizational Electronic Commerce



II. Technologies And Commodities


5. The Information Society

Topics:

Types of information goods
Production and dissemination of information
Intellectual property rights and market
Digitization, smart products

Readings:

EEC chapter 2
Barlow, 1993, "Selling wine without bottles: the economy of mind on the global net."
Okerson, 1996, "Who owns digital works?", Scientific American.


6. Microeconomics of Digital Products

Topics:

Cost structure of digital products
Reproducibility and durability

Readings:

EEC 8.4: Pricing digital products


7. Interoperability, Economies of Scale, and Network Externality

Topics:

Standardization
Effects of network externality

Readings:

EEC 2.2: Externalities of information products
EEC 11.9: Antitrust and regulation policies
Economics professors' amicus brief, in the case of lotus v. borland
Liebowitz and Margolis, 1994, "Network externality: an uncommon tragedy," Journal of
Economic Perspectives.


8. Intellectual property rights on the Internet

Topics:

Economic aspects of copyright
Incentives for producers vs. social progress
Copyright vs. free information
Copyright laws; Berne Convention, WIPO Conference
Technologies for content control vs. non-technology mechanisms

Readings:

EEC chapter 5: Economic aspects of copyright protection
Samuelson, 1994, "Legally speaking: the NII intellectual property report,"
Communications of the ACM.


9. Valuation and Demand

Topics:

Changing patterns of usage
Consumer surplus and willingness to pay

Readings:

Paper to be prepared



III. Marketing And Search



10. Quality Uncertainty

Topics:

Market failures
Role of price
Other information channels

Readings:

EEC 4.1: Economis of the lemons market
Akerlof, 1970, "The market for lemons: quality uncertainty and the market mechanism,"
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84: 488-500.
Case: AUCNET USA


11. Market Mechanisms for Quality Assurance

Topics:

Seller-provided product information
Promotions: freeware, shareware, try-out
Short-term options

Readings:

EEC 4.2: Information channels in electronic commerce
Case: economics of freeware and free email services


12. Quality and Intermediaries

Topics:

Role of intermediaries
Examples: intermediated markets in EC
Efficiency in intermediated markets
Financial services and investment in EC

Readings:

EEC 4.3: Quality and intermediaries
EEC 4.4: Intermediaries and contracts
EEC chapter 9: Financial intermediaries and electronic commerce


13. Advertising

Topics:

Economics of advertising
Current trends
Web storefronts vs. physical market
Impression vs. click-through

Readings:

EEC 6.1: Advertising on the Internet
EEC 6.2: Economics of advertising
EEC 6.3: Other strategies to convey product information
Eaton and Grossman, 1986, "Provision of information as marketing strategy," Oxford
Economic Papers.
Eaves and Greene, 1996, "Brands' quality levels, prices, and advertising outlays: empirical
evidence on signals and information costs," International Journal of Industrial
Organization.
Case: CyberGold, DoubleClick


14. Marketing strategies in EC

Topics:

Broadcast vs. targeted advertising
Push vs. pull advertising
Passive vs. active marketing
Marketing innovations in EC
Selling advertising as a product

Readings:

EEC 6.4: Marketing strategies for the Internet
FEC chapter 13: Advertising and marketing on the Internet


15. Search and Economic Efficiency

Topics:

Search costs
Search services
Advertising vs. consumer search: efficiencies

Readings:

EEC chapter 7: Consumers' search for information
FEC chapter 14: Consumer search and resource discovery



(Mid-term)



IV. Product Choice And Pricing


16. Product Differentiation

Topics:

Incentive to differentiate
Variations in user valuations
Demand information

Readings:

EEC 8.1: Product differentiation and pricing in economics
Perloff and Salop, 1985, "Equilibrium with product differentiation," Review of Economic
Studies, 52: 107-120.


17. Customization and the Use of Customer Information

Topics:

Gains and losses from customization
Technologies for personalization
Web casting
Privacy debate

Readings:

EEC 8.2: Product customization
EEC 8.3: Use of consumer information
FEC chapter 16: Software agents
Case: PointCast


18. Price Discrimination

Topics:

When prices are discriminatory
Consumer welfare calculations under price discrimination
Usage-based pricing

Readings:

EEC 8.1: Product differentiation and pricing in economics
Lewis and Sappington, 1994, "Supplying information to facilitate price discrimination,"
International Economic Review, 35: 309-327.


19. Digital Products: Selection and Pricing

Topics:

Strategic factors in pricing
Incentive compatibility
Selling vs. renting
Bundling and unbundling: welfare considerations

Readings:

EEC 8.4: Pricing digital products
Adams and Yellen, 1976, "Commodity bundling and the burden of monopoly," Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 90: 475-498.
McAfee, McMillan and Whinston, 1989, "Multiproduct monopoly, commodity bundling,
and correlation of values," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114: 371-383.
Odlyzko, 1996, "The bumpy road of electronic commerce."
(http://aace.virginia.edu/aace/conf/webnet.html)



V. Price Discovery And Payments


20. Auctions and Posted Prices

Topics:

Online auction mechanisms
Price bidding vs. posting

Readings:

EEC 12.9: Market clearing mechanisms
REC chapter 13: Electronic markets


21. Electronic Payment Systems Overview

Topics:

Payment clearing services
Notational funds transfer
Digital currency

Readings:

EEC chapter 10: Electronic payment systems
FEC chapter 8: Electronic payment systems


22. Digital Currency and Monetary Effects

Topics:

Digital currency technologies
Government revenues
Regulatory issues

Readings:

EEC 10.5: Properties and specifications of digital currencies
EEC 10.7: Digital currency and governments
Federal Reserve Bank of San Franscisco, 1995, "A brief history of our nation's paper
money," 1995 Annual Report. (http://www.frbsf.org/frbsf/annualrpt/history.html)
Greenspan, 1996, Remarks given to the U.S. Treasury Conference, Toward Electronic
Money and Banking: The Role of Government.


23. Payment Systems, Pricing and Product Selection

Topics:

Bundling, subscription and consumer behaviors
Microtransactions and micropayments
Scrips and coupons

Readings:

EEC 8.4: Pricing digital products
Balderston, 1996, "Online cash: a penny for your thoughts?: Digital's Millicent project
attempts to set standard for web micropayments," InfoWorld.
Bester and Petrakis, 1996, "Coupons and oligopolistic price discrimination," International
Journal of Industrial Organization, 14: 227-242.
Case: Millicent


VI. Policy Issues And Outlook


24. EC Issues: Summary Evaluation

Topics:

Size on the Internet
Search services
Copyright
Consumer information
Pricing

Readings:

EEC chapter 11: Business and policy implications of electronic commerce (11.1-11.5)


25. Access, Taxation and Legal Issues

Topics:

ISP access charges
Taxes on transaction
Legal framework for EC

Readings:

EEC chapter 3: Internet infrastructure and pricing
EEC 11.6: Taxation and the future of electronic commerce
EEC 11.7: Anonymity and legal environment for commerce


26. Market Structure and Government's Role in EC

Topics:

Stanadardization and interoperability
Network externality
Vertical integration and market power
Antitrust and regulation


Readings:

EEC 11.9: Antitrust and regulation policies
"Microsoft agrees to break up."
Liebowitz and Margolis, 1995, "Are network externalities a new source of market failure?"
Research in Law and Economics, 17: 1-22.
U.S. Department of Treasury, 1996, "Selected tax policy implications of global electronic
commerce." (ftp://ftp.fedworld.gov/pub/tel/internet.txt)


27. The Virtual Economy

Topics:

Future of enabling technologies
Process-oriented technologies
Integrated digital processes

Readings:

EEC chapter 12: Future directions for economic research (12.1-12.5)
FEC chapter 20: Mobile and wireless computing fundamentals
Case: new product/service design


28. Virtual Market Agents and Products

Topics:

Virtual intermediaries
Digitally integrated economy

Readings:

EEC 12.6: Growth of virtual intermediaries
EEC 12.7: Customization and smart products
Hamalainen and Whinston, 1996, "Electronic markets for learning: education brokerage on
the Internet," Communications of the ACM, 39(6): 51-58.


29. Globalization and Cybercommunities (EEC 11.8, 12.8)

Topics:

How a market is defined: new boundaries
Consumer and firm behaviors

Readings:

EEC 11.8: Global framework for electronic commerce
EEC 12.8: Globalization and cybernations
Maes, 1994, " Agents that reduce work and information overload," Communications of the
ACM, 37(7): 31-40.
Case: FireFly


30. The Future of Digital Economy



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